Offering

Offering is usually used to offer something to someone else.

Offering di bagi menjadi 2 yaitu;

1.Offering thing (Menawarkan barang)

Offering:
• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Zega?
• Should I get you a bottle f water?
• Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Richa?
• Would you care for some salad?

Offering to friends:
• Want some?
• Have some.
• Chocolate?
• Glass of lemonade?
• Grab some for yourself.

Less formal expressions:
• Would you like to have pancake?
• Why don’t you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?


Declining an offer:
• No, thanks.
• No, I really won’t, thank you.
• Not for me thanks.
• No, thanks. I’m not hungry.

Accepting an offer:
• Thank you.
• Yes, please.
• I’d like it very much.
• Thank you, I would.
• That would be very nice.



2.Offering service / help (menawarkan bantuan/ jasa)

ex :
-what can I do for you ?
-Can I help You ?
-Can I do something for you ?
-Do you want something to eat ?
-Shall I get you something to read ?

Accepting offering service/help :
-thanks very much
-thank's very kind of you
-thank you
-[oh] yes, please
-lovely

Not accepting offering servica/help :
-no, thanks
-that's very kind of you, but . . .
-thanks for offering, but . . .
-no, its all right, really
-no, really, I can manage [thanks].
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Preposition In, On, and At

Prepositions: In, on, and at (with specific times and places)
The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:
Preposition Time Place
In Year, Month,
In 1999, In Mei Country, State, City
In Australia.
On Day, Date
On Saturday, On May 13 Street
On Main Street, On 1st Ave.
At Time
At 8:00, At 7:30 Address
At 815 East Main Street

in You use ‘in’ with periods of times and places.
Ex :
Ω in May
Ω in winter
Ω in indonesia

on You use ‘on’ with specific days
Ex :
 on Friday
 on mey 13

AT--
 At 7 o’clock
 At7.00m a.m
 At night
 At school

NOTE : America English : on the weekend OR on Weekends
at You use ‘at’ with specific times and specific places

NOTE : British English : at the weekend OR at Weekends
of Its mean belonging to, relating to, or being part of something.
You use ‘of’ with noun and –ing forms Read More...

Asking for information

Asking for information:
• I’d like to know ….
• I’m interested in …
• Could you tell me ….?
• Do you know…?
• Could you find out …?
• Could I ask ….?
• Do you Happen to know …?




Guessing:
1. I’d say….
2. Could it be …
3. Perhaps it’s …
4. I think it’s…
5. It looks like ….
6. It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …


Right or Wrong:
(^_^) Correct
___.That’s
___.Right.
___.Ok.
___.Yes.
___.Exactly.

(-_-) Wrong
___.No, I’m afraid not.
___.Not quite.
___.Tou’re close.
___.I don’t know
___.I’m not sure.


When you are surprised:
 Really!
 Are you joking?
 Oh?
 Where? Show me
 I can’t see that
 Goodness!
 What?


Read More...

Asking if someone remember or not

_____ Formal expressions:
….. ~ I wonder if you remember …
….. ~ You remember …, don’t you?
….. ~ You haven’t forgotten …, have you?
...... ~ Don’t you remember …/
….. ~ Do you happen to remember it now?

_____ Ways to respond:
….. ~ Let me think, yes, I remember.
….. ~ I remember especially the scenery.
….. ~ I’ll never forget that
….. ~ I’ll always remember.
….. ~ I can remember it clearly.


Informal expressions:
(^_^),, Remember the old house we used to live in ?
(^_^),, Remember thet ?
(^_^),, I’m sorry I don’t remember.

Ways to respond:
(-_-),, Hold on. Yes, got it!
(-_-),, I know…
(-_-),, It’s coming back to me now.



________________________________________________
RESPONSE if you FORGET
`````O-, Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
`````O-, I’m afraid I forget.
`````O-, I really can’t remember.
`````O-, I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
`````O-,Err, let me think. No, it’s gone.
`````O-, Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
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Modals in the Past form

Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.
Modals and Modality
Modal verbs are common auxiliary verbs in Germanic languages including English that indicate modality. Modality is the grammaticalized expression of the subjective attitudes and opinions of the speaker including possibility, probability, necessity, obligation, permissibility, ability, desire, and contingency.
The Modal Verbs in English

The nine modals verbs in English are:
• can
• could
• may
• might
• must
• shall
• should
• will
• would


Position of Modal Verbs
Modal verbs always appear in the first position at the beginning of the verb phrase in English. Unlike other verbs, modal verbs do not show tense or number. The eight possible verb phrase combinations that contain modal verbs in English are:
• modal verb + base form = will eat
• modal verb + be + present participle = will be eating
• modal verb + have + past participle = will have eaten
• modal verb + be + past participle = will be eaten
• modal verb + have + been + present participle = will have been eating
• modal verb + have + been + past participle = will have been eaten
• modal + be + being + past participle = will be being eaten
• modal verb + have + been + being + past participle = will have been being eaten

Double Modals
Although most varieties of English only allow for the use of one modal verb per verb phrase, some English dialects such as Southern American English allow for multiple modals. For example, the double modal might could as in He might could build a new machine shed expresses both possibility and ability. However, prescriptive grammars proscribe against the use of double modals.
Some Definitions of English Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are difficult to define in any language because of the wide range of pragmatic uses of modal verbs by native speakers. Some of the more common definitions (in no particular order) of the modal verbs in English are:
• can – ability, permission, possibility, request
• could – ability, permission, possibility, request, suggestion
• may – permission, probability, request
• might – possibility, probability, suggestion
• must – deduction, necessity, obligation, prohibition
• shall – decision, future, offer, question, suggestion
• should – advice, necessity, prediction, recommendation
• will – decision, future, intention, offer, prediction, promise, suggestion
• would – conditional, habit, invitation, permission, preference, request, question, suggestion

Examples of Modal Verb Usage
The following sentences are examples of usage of modal verbs in English. For example, the following four sentences all ask for permission but with different degrees and types of modality:
• Can I go to the class? (asking for permission)
• May I go to the class? (more politely asking for permission)
• Could I go to the class? (asking for permission with less certainty)
• Might I go to the class? (asking for permission with uncertainty)

The following sentences also demonstrate the subtle meanings in regards to modal verbs of suggestion:
• You could listen to me. (suggestion)
• You might listen to me. (uncertain suggestion)
• You should listen to me. (strong suggestion)
• You must listen to me. (stronger suggestion)
• You will listen to me. (strongest suggestion)
The meanings of modal verbs are very pragmatic and must be learned through use.

Modals in the past are:
1. Could
*Could + Verb base
"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can.")
Remember: "Could not" vs. "Might not"
"Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen. "Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens.


2. Would
Would + verb base
"Would" is most commonly used to create conditional verb forms. It also serves as the past form of the modal verb "will." Additionally, "would" can indicate repetition in the past. For more information on the grammar behind the modal verb "would," visit the following tutorials: Conditional Tutorial, Future in the Past, and Would Always.

3. Should
*Should + Verb base
“Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.

4. Shall
"Shall" is used to indicate future action. It is most commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is often found in suggestions, such as "Shall we go?" "Shall" is also frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. In formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future events often expresses inevitability or predestination. "Shall" is much more commonly heard in British English than in American English; Americans prefer to use other forms, although they do sometimes use "shall" in suggestions or formalized language.

5 Might
*Might + Verb base.
"Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in conditional sentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this is less common in American English.

6. Ought to
"Ought to" is used to advise or make recommendations. "Ought to" also expresses assumption or expectation as well as strong probability, often with the idea that something is deserved. "Ought not" (without "to") is used to advise against doing something, although Americans prefer the less formal forms "should not" or "had better not."

Read More...

Invitation (written)

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
There are two types of invitation:
1. Formal Invitation
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

2. Informal Invitation
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
.
How to write an invitation
(Step 1)
----Before you write an invitation; decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.
.
(Step 2)
----Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.
.
(Step 3)
----Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'
.
(Step 4)
----Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.
.
(Step 5)
----Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.
R.S.V.P. stands for a French phrase, "répondez, s'il vous plaît," which means "please reply.“The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?
.
(Step 6)
----Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.
.
(Step 7)
----Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.
.
.
.
.
Example of invitation:
1. Wedding invitation
2. Birthday invitation
3. Baby shower
4. Dinner invitation
.
.
.
Offerins invitation
->Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
->Will you join us?
->Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
->Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
->I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?


Accepting invitation
->Yes,I'd love very much.
->Thank you.
->Yes,with pleasure.



Reffusing
->If you don't mind,i'd rather not.
->Thank you,i'm busy,may be next time.
->I have got another appointment.
->I'm sorry.
->I've lost to work to do.

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vocabs arround the house

vocabs arround the house
Other Rooms
Attic - People store things in the attic.
Ballroom - A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room - A small room used for storage.
Cellar - Underneath the house.
Cloakroom - A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory - A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room- A room where people eat.
Drawing Room - A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room - A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall - The entrance passage to a house.
Larder - A small room used for the storage of food.
Library - A room where books are kept.
Lounge - Another name for living room.
Music Room - A room where people play music.
Office - A room where people work.
Pantry - A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour - Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room - Another name for living room.
Spare Room/Guest Room - A room where guests sleep.
Toilet - A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room - A room where appliances such
as washing machines are used. Read More...

Finite Verb

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand on their own as complete sentences.The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number. Non-finite verb forms have no person or number, but some types can show tense.
• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone

Finite verbs
A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural).
For example:-
I live in Germany. (I is the subject - live describes what the subject does - live is a finite verb).

Non-Finite Verbs
A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.
For example:-
I travelled to Germany to improve my German. (To improve is in the infinitive form).


"Finite verbs can be recognized by their form and their position in the sentence. Here are some of the things to look for when you are trying to identify the finite verbs in a sentence:
1. Most finite verbs can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word to indicate time in the past: cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated. A hundred or so finite verbs do not have these endings.

2. Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he coughs; celebrate, she celebrates. The exceptions are auxiliary verbs like can and must. Remember that nouns can also end in -s. Thus the dog races can refer to a spectator sport or to a fast-moving third-person singular dog.

3. Finite verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as can, must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.

4. Finite verbs usually follow their subjects: He coughs. The documents had compromised him. They will have gone.


5. Finite verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are asked: Is he coughing? Did they celebrate?
(Ronald C. Foote, Cedric Gale, and Benjamin W. Griffith, Essentials of English. Barron's, 2000) Read More...

Narrative text

Narrative text is a text which contains a story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
The purpose of narrative text is to amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experiences in difference ways. Narratives always deal with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.Generic Structures:
• Orientation (who were involved in the story, when and where)
• Complication (a problem arises followed by other problem)
• Resolution (solution to the problem)

Language features:
• The use of noun phrases (a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
• The use of connectives (first, before that, then, finally)
• The use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
• The use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)
• The use o action verbs (walk, sleep, wake up)
• The use of saying verbs (tell, say, ask)
• The use of thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verbs of senses (she felt hungry, she thought she was clever, she smelt something burning)
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Descriptive text

Descriptive text is a text to describe something, a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure
• Identification: identifies phenomenon to be describe.
• Description: describes part, qualities, and characteristics.

Significant Grammatical Features
• Focus on specific Participant.
• Use of attributes and identifying Processes.
• Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups.
• Use of simple present tense.
Language features:
• The use of adjectives and of compound adjective (Charlie is brown-skinned, Charlie looks attractive and handsome).
• The use of linking verbs (She always appears young, Charlie is a vocalist band from Bandung).
• The use of attributive has and has.
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Noun Phrases

Nouns in English are traditionally described as naming “persons, places, things, and ideas. Pronouns are subcategory of nouns. Noun phrases are formed by a noun or pronoun and any modifiers, complements, or determiners including adjectives, determiners, prepositional phrases, noun clauses, and verbal phrases. A noun phrase most commonly functions as a subject, object, or complement.
Examples:
• My coach is happy.
• I like the cars over there.
• The man who lives there is my uncle.

Noun and noun phrases perform ten grammatical functions in the English language. The ten functions are:
1. Subject.
2. Subject complement.
3. Direct object.
4. Object complement.
5. Indirect object.
6. Prepositional complement.
7. Noun phrase modifier.
8. Determinative.
9. Appositive.
10. Adverbial.

From a functional point of view, the noun phrase has four major function components, occurring in a fixed order:
• The determinative, that constituent which determines the reference in its linguistic or situational context.
• Premodification, which comprises all the modifying or describing constituents before the head, other than the determiners.

• The head, around which the other constituents cluster.

• Post modification, those which comprise all the modifying constituents placed after the head.


Structures of noun phrase:
The structure of this noun phrase contains three sections:
1. Noun phrase: pre-modifiers + noun
a. White house; here white is a pre-modifier and house is a noun.

2. Noun phrase: noun + post-modifiers. (the most common post-modifier is prepositional phrases)
a. The boy in the store; here in the store is the post-modifier.

3. Noun phrase: pre-modifier + noun + post-modifier
a. The children in the garden; here the is the pre-modifier, children is the noun, in the garden is the post-modifier. Read More...

Introductory it

When the subject is clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying “That he was once a communist is true,” we say,” It is true that he was once a communist.”

Introductory it is also used with seem, appear, and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or clause.

It looked doubtful whether she would come.
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It seems possible that he may quit the job.
It appeared unwise to offend him.

It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.
Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.

The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.
Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
When the subject is an infinitive phrase, the sentence often begins with it. Instead of saying “To find fault with others is easy”, we say “It is easy to find the fault with others.”

When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. Instead of saying “Your trying to deceive us is no good,” we may say “It is no good your trying to deceive us.
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News item

News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

The purpose of news item is to inform the readers, listeners, or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structures of news item:
• Newsworthy events (gives events in a summary form)
• Background events (elaborates about what happened/what caused the events)
• Sources (comments given by participants involved in the events)

Language features of news item:
• Using action verbs
• Using saying verbs
• Using passive sentence

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper more comprehensible:
• The passive voice is used without the appropriate form be.
• It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used.
• The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out. The fu
• To refer the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
• Headlines are not always complete sentences.


Read More...

Passive Voice

There are two voices in English, the active and the passive. The active tells us what the subject does, for example: The secretary wrote a letter. The passive tell us what is done to the subject, for example: The letter was written by the secretary.

Definition of passive voice:
A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not grammatical subject of the sentence.
The generic structure:
• Active: S + V active + O
• Passive: O + to be + V3 + by + S

Active to passive voice
----Simple Present----
Noun + is/am/are + V3
Active: she is write a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by her.

----Present continuous----
Noun + is/am/are + being + V3
Active: I am buying a motorcycle.
Passive: A motorcycle is being bought by me.



----Simple Past----
Noun + was/were + V3
Active: The police released the hostages.
Passive: The hostages were released by the police.

----Past Continuous ----
Noun + was/were + being +V3
Active: The officer was investigating the case.
Passive: The case was being investigated by the officer.

----Simple Future----
Noun + shall/will + be +V3
Active: The judges will issue a verdict against the accused.
Passive: A verdict against the accused will be issued by the judges.

----Past Future----
Noun + should/would + be +V3
Active: The investigator would hand in the file.
Passive: The file would be handed in by the investigator.

----Simple Present Perfect----
Noun + has/have + been + V3
Active: A local resident has uncovered an ancient boat.
Passive: An ancient boat has been uncovered by a local resident.

----Past Perfect----
Noun + had + been + V3
Active: We had found your watch.
Passive: Your watch had been found by us.

----Simple Future Perfect----
Noun + shall/will + have + been + V3
Active: The witness shall have shown the evidence.
Passive: The evidence will have been shown by the witness.

----Past Future Perfect----
Noun + should/would + have + been + V3
Active: The major should have been invited by the president.
Passive: The president should have been invited by the major.

----Modals----
Noun + must/shall/will/have to/has to + be + V3
Active: Sugiarto must report his attendance to the police once a week.
Passive: His attendance must be reported by Sugiarto to the police once a week.


If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
=Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
=Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence
Use of passive
Passive voice is use when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I don’t know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite then active voice, as the following example shows: A mistake was made.
In this case, the focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I don’t blame anyone.

When we rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
• The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle).
• The subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped).
• Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form.
• The two forms should have the same tenses.

How about the negative and interrogative?
Take a look at the followings:
• People don’t use bikes anymore.
• Bikes are not used anymore.
• Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
• Were the cards played in the class yesterday?
Read More...

Surprises and disbeliefs

A.Surprise is a feeling that we feel when we hear an amazing news which surprise and amaze us. Telling surprising news:
• Guess what!
• Surprise!
• I’ve got news, for you.
• Do you know what?
• You won’t believe it!

Expressing Surprise:
• Wow! What a surprise!
• That’s a surprise!
• That’s very surprising!
• Really?
• What?
• Are you serious? You must be joking!
• You’re kidding!
• Fancy that!

Responding of expressing surprise:
• Yeah!
• It is.
• Yup!
• Sure.
• It’s true.
• I’m serious.
• No, I’m not.
• Does it?
• It is, isn’t it?
• Good Heavens.
• My Goodness!
• This is really surprise.


B. Disbelief is an expression that we show or say when we know or hear or see something that is rather difficult to believe.

Expressing disbelieves:
• I don’t believe it.
• I just can’t believe…
• I can’t imagine she could do such a foolish thing.
• It’s unbelievable that you visit me.
• It can’t be true.

Responding to believe or not:
• Are you serious?
• Are you kidding?
• Are you joking?
Read More...

Direct and indirect speech

A. Direct speech
Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).

B. Indirect speech
Indirect speech reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

The changing of tense
Direct speech Indirect speech
=> Present continuous
Subject + is/am/are + verb-ing Past continuous
Subject + was/were + verb-ing
=>Simple present
Subject + verb 1 Simple past
Subject +verb 2
=>Simple past
Subject + verb 2 Past perfect
Subject + had + verb 3
=>Present perfect
Subject + has/have + verb 3 Past perfect
Subject + had + verb 3
=>Present future
Subject + will + verb 1 Past future
Subject + would + verb 1
=>Modals
Can + infinitive
May
Must
Could + infinitive
Might
Had to






## Direct speech Indirect speech with the introductory verb in the past tense

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Simple future

Simple future is used for describing job or action that will happened in the future. Simple future has two different forms in English: “will” and “be going to”.

Positive (+)
a) S + shall/will + V1
Example:
• I shall write a comics.
• They will play ball.
• Richa will go to the market.

b) S + be + going + to + V1
Example:
• I am going to write a novel.
• They are going to play badminton.
• Chara is give a present to me.

Negative (-)
c) S + shall/will + not +V1 + O
Example:
• I shan’t write a comics.
• She won’t clean the room.
• You will not help him later.
• I will not take a nap soon.

d) S + to be + not + going to + V1 + O
Example:
• I am not going to party.
• He is not going to visit his grandparents next month.
• We are not going to clean the classroom.

Interrogative
e) Will + S + V1 + O
Example:
• Will you arrive on time?
• Will they want dinner?
• Will he swim very fast?

f) To be + S + going to + V1
Example:
• Am I going to visit my uncle?
• Are you buying a shirt?
• Is he going to write a comics?

Use of simple Future
1. Use “will” to express a voluntary action

Examples:
• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?

2. Use “will” to express a promise
Examples:
• I will call you when I arrive.
• I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
• I won’t tell anyone your secret.

3. Use “be going to” to express a plan
Examples:
• He is going to spend his vacation in Bandung.
• I’m going to be an actress when I grow up.
• She is not going o spend her holiday in Jakarta.

4. Use “will” or “be going to” to express a prediction
Examples:
• The year 1313 will be a very interesting year.
• The year 1313 is going to be a very interesting year.
• Riza Char will be the next president.





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Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment.

Kinds of gratitude expression are:
= Thanks
= Thank you very much.
= I’m grateful to….
= I want to thank.
= I want to express my gratitude to….
=I keep forgetting to thank youfor…..

Responding of gratitude expression:
= You are welcome.
= No problem.
= Don’t mention it.
= No big deal.
= It’s a pleasure
= That’s all right.
= Any time.
= It was the least I could do.
= Glad to be of help.


Compliment
Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to “butter up” someone or to flatter in order to increase good will.

Expressing compliments:
• What a nice shirt/dress.
• You look great.
• What a lovely garden.
• That’s a lovely cake.
• You look fabulous!
• Fantastic/Marvelous!
• Good job! /Excellent work!
• You’re really the best!
• Well done.

Responding to complimenting:
:D Thank you.
:D Thank you very much. It’s nice of you to say so.
:D Thanks. Do you really think so?
:D I’m glad you enjoyed it.
:D I’m glad you like it.

Time to express compliment:
• On his/her general appearance.
• If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
• When you visit’s someone house for the first time.
• When other people do their best.

Congratulation
Congratulation is expression that used to say congratulate to someone when get success.

Expression of congratulations:
00 Congratulation!
00 Let me congratulate you.
00 Splendid!
00 Happy Birthday!
00 Happy Valentine!
00 Happy New Year
00 Happy Anniversary!
00 I’d like to be the first to congratulate you.
00 Congrats! Finally your dream comes true.
00 I must congratulate you.
00 Congratulations on your success!

Responding:
= Thank you.
= Thanks, I needed that.
= That’s very kind of you.
= The same to you.
= You’ve made my day!



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--------------SEMESTER 2-----------------

Materi baruuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu,,,,,, tp sebagian masih ngulang materi lama Read More...

Recount text

Recount text is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. The purpose of recount text is to tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.

Generic structures of recount text:
1. Orientation (it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved in the story, where it happened, and when it happened)
2. Events (a series of events, ordered in chronological sequence)
3. Re-orientation (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident and the conclusion of the experience)

Language features of recount text:
• The use of nouns and pronouns………..……(e.g.: David, we, his)
• Action verbs……………………………............(e.g.: went, spent, and played)
• Past tenses…………………………………..…(e.g.: We went for a trip to the zoo)
• Time conjunctions………………….………….(e.g.: and, but, after, finally)
• Adverbs and adverbs phrases……..…………(e.g.: in my house, two days ago, slowly, carefully)
• Adjectives…………………………………..…. (beautiful, sunny)


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6iving intructions

6iving intructions is an expression that is used in order person does what we intruct or request.

NOTE :
the tense used in 6iving intruction is SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE.

The Formula :
VERB I + OBJECT
Ex :
-open your book !
-stand up, please
-close the window
-etc.

DON'T + VERB I
Ex :
-don't cry
-don't climb
-don't beat
-etc.

BE + ADJ
Ex :
-be quit
-be careful
-be on time
-etc.

We often put the word ‘please’ at the beginning or t the end of an instruction. We use it to make the instruction sounds more polite.
Examples:
please sit down or sit down, please
please don’t open the door or don’t open the door, please

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Simple past

Simple past tense is a kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.The pattern:
- Using be
(+) S+ was/were + complement
(-) S + was/were not + complement
(?) was/were + S + complement?

- Using verbs
(+) S + verb II +complement
(-) S + did not +verb I + complement
(?) did + S + verb I?

Examples:
- Using be
(+) I was a student.
(-) I was not a student.
(?) Was I a student?

- Using verbs
(+) I went to Toba Lake yesterday.
(-) I did not go to Toba Lake yesterday.
(?) Did I go yesterday?

Adverbs used:
- Yesterday
- Last night
- Last week
- Two days ago
- A few minutes ago
- Last weekend
- Last month
- Last year
- Etc
The functions of the simple past:
1. To express that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.
2. To describe a habit which stopped in the past. To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was a younger, etc.
3. To describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true.


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Appointment

Appointment is something said or written that use to tell about agreement for meeting. It is good to make an appointment before you meet people.

How to make an appointment, for example:
++ Can I see you at 11 a.m.?
++ What if we go camping this afternoon?
++ Would tomorrow be possible? --can I came and see you?
--I want to make appointment .....
--i went to make an appointment to see .....
Accepting appointment
Examples :
-no problem.I'm free on Sunday
-its a deal
-all right.see you there.

How to declining an appointment, for example:
 I’m sorry, I have another appointment
 Sorry, I don’t think so
 I really want to, but I can’t
Canceling appointment
Examples :
- I'm sorry. I'm very busy.
-I'm terribly sorry I have to put off my appointment.

Responding
Examples :
-OK/fine
-no problem
-no big deal Read More...

Perfect tense

Perfect tense is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present.

The pattern of present perfect tense
(+) S + have/has + verb 3 (been) +object
(-) S + have/has + not + verb 3 +object
(?) Have/has + S + verb 3 +object

Examples:
(+) I have been here for 20 minutes.
(-) I have not learn English since three years ago.
(?) Has he awoke from his bed?

Adverbs used:
- Once
- This week
- Twice
- Since Monday
- Lately
- Many times
Past perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used t describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too.

The pattern:
(+) S + had +verb 3 +complement
(-) S + had not +verb 3 +complement
(?) Had+ S + verb 3 +complement

Examples:
(+) They had been at school before at 06.30a.m.
(-) I had not slept for a this when I met my cousin.
(?) Had he studied music for a year when I began it?

Adverbs used:
- One
- Twice
- From 1995 to 2000

Future perfect tense is used to describe an action or events that started in the past and finished at the future.

The pattern:
(+) S + shall/will + have +verb 1 (been) +…
(-) S + shall/will + not +have + verb 1 (been)+…
(?) Shall/will + have +verb 1 (been) +…

Examples:
(+) We shall have arrived at Bandung by Monday.
(-) They will not have been at school by the end of this week.
(?) Will you have been a police by next year?

Adverbs used:
- By Sunday
- Next week
- Next month
- Next year
- The end of this week
- The end of this month

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Shapes & Part Of Body

Part of Body

The Body → Tubuh
1.Hair ----------------→ Rambut
2.Head ---------------→ Kepala
3.Neck ---------------→ Leher
4.Throat------------- → Tenggorokan
5.Shoulder---------- → Bahu
6.Chest --------------→ Dada
7.Back ---------------→ Punggung
8.Waist --------------→ Pinggung
9.Stomach/Tummy -→ Perut
10.Hip ---------------→ Pinggul
11.Bottom ----------→ Pantat
12.Armpit -----------→ Ketiak
13.Arm --------------→ Lengan
14.Upper arm -------→ Lengan Atas
15.Elbow ------------→ Siku
16.Forearm ---------→ Lengan Bawah
17.Wrist ------------→ Pergelangan Tangan
18.Fist --------------→ Kepalan Tangan
19.Hand ------------→ Tanagn
20.Palm -------------→ Tapak Tangan
21.Thumb ----------→ Ibu Jari
22.Finger -----------→ Jari Tangan
23.Nail --------------→ Kuku
24.Leg --------------→ Kaki
25.Thigh ------------→ Paha
26.Knee ------------→ Lutut
27.Calf --------------→ Betis
28.Ankle ------------→ Pergelangan Kaki
29.Foot -------------→ Kaki
30.Heel ------------→ Tumit
31.Instep ----------→ Kura-Kura Kaki
32.Sole ------------→ Tapak Kaki
33.Toes ------------→ Jari Kaki








THE INSIDES → ORGAN DALAM
1.Brain ------ Otak
2.Windpipe ----- Batang Tenggorokan
3.Heart ------ Jantung
4.Lung ----- Paru-Paru
5.Liver ----- Hati
6.Kidney ----- Ginjal
7.Intestines ------ Usus
8.Bladder ----- Kandung Kemis
9.Vein ------ Pembuluh Balik
10.Artery ----- Pembuluh Nadi
11.Muscle ------ Otot
THE EYE → MATA
1.Eyeball → Bola Mata
2.Eyebrow → Alis Mata
3.Eyelid → Kelopak Mata
4.Eyelashes → Bulu Mata
5.Pupil → Manik Mata
6.Iris → Selaput Pelangi

The Face → Wajah / Muka
1.Eye → Mata
2.Noise → Hidung
3.Ear → Telinga
4.Mouth → Mulut
5.Cheek → Pipi
6.Chin → Dagu
7.Temple → Pelipis
8.Forehead/Brow → Dahi/Kenig
9.Jaw → Rahang
10.Moustache → Kumis
11.Beard → Janggut
12.Tooth → Gigi
13.Lip → Bibir
14.Tongue → Lidah

SHAPES
Simple Straight sided shapes
Rectangle
Square
Triangle
Simple Rounded shapes
Circle
Oval
3D shapes
Cone
Cube
Cylinder
Pyramid
Sphere
Mathematical shapes
Parallelogram
Pentagon - 5 sides
Octagon - 8 sides
Miscellaneous shapes
Diamond
Heart





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Greeting

Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings intenkonally make their presence known to each other, two attention to, and to siggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other.

Kinds of greeting :
> 6ood morning
> hello
> hi
> how are you ?
> how do you do ?

how do you introduce your self ?
-lets me introduce my self, my name is Kurniati.
-hello i'm nhiya
-hi, i'm kurniati patmah. you can call me nhiya.

how do you introduce other people ?
-i would like you to meet Dinda.
-i would to introduce Gerry Saputra

how do you close or end conversation ?
-well, i must be off now. I'll talk to you later !!
-I'm sorry,but i have to go now. See you later !!

EXAMPLES :
Richa : hi Yafa,How are you this morning ?
Yafa : hello Richa, i'm fine.thank you.
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